RISK AND UNCERTAINTY FOR A FIRM ENTERING A FOREIGN MARKET. EXECUTIV

RISK AND UNCERTAINTY FOR A FIRM ENTERING A opposed MARKET. EXECUTIVThis cut through looks at guess and Uncertainty as vari suit opens affecting a theater(s) in or immersion inappropriate grocerys. From the onset it sets out to transcend an overview of the topic through a abridgment of essay that comes with the take for expansion and further utmostlighting the motives for expansion which could be Market-lead, Capability-lead or Economics-lead. run a endangerment refers to the likelihood and consequences of an undesirable occurrence(s). Uncertainty refers to uncertainness or indecision, and is essential in company strategy as the future is never certain. Uncertainty Avoidance refers to the extent to which people privy tolerate risk and incertitude in their lives.This report then goes on to tackle the different Topic-related subjects as outlined by the contents page.It is my sincere hope that as you study this report it bequeath prove to be a comprehensive framework for the subject matter at hand, of Risk and Uncertainty in relation to entering foreign merchandises. It to a fault draws a distinction between the two variables that should be notable by the end of your study of this report.Yours SincerelyJotham MwaleBA (HONS), BS STUDENT.METHODOLOGYThe information employ to compile this report is research-based and derived from a combination of learned knowledge, references from variant updated management texts and windows internet explorer.INTRODUCTIONCompanies, in this day and Age, ar on a quest to expand market share and profitability to achieve and maintain a position of militant advantage. Globalization, as such, has been a strategy that many companies shake off follow towards this end.Globalization refers to the linkages between markets that exist across national borders. This implies that what happens in one country has an impact on occurrences in other countries (Henry, p.260).However, the concepts of risk and uncertainty cannot be ignored even as we refer to globalization and companies urge to venture into it.There are many unknowns in the world of line of reasoning, more so for global business. Organizations in international business or those seeking to venture into such or any other business are prone to face risk and uncertainty. Thus when a firm is entering a foreign market or internationally expanding for the first time there are many probable risks.This report tackles the question of the unknowns that firms are faced with when entering foreign markets, distinguishing between the concepts of risk and uncertainty.MOTIVES FOR EXPANSION INTO FOREIGN MARKETSA firm has various motives for expansion into foreign markets that would make it prone to risk. These motives may be Market-lead, Capability-lead or Economics-leadSome Market-Lead motives are as followsGlobalization of markets and competition- this exerts pressure on the firm to adopt internationalizing strategies, and not barely big businesses.Inte rnationalization of the Value Network.Exploiting differences between countries.Some Capability-Lead motives are as followsLeveraging Capabilities- by doing this across its businesses in a number of countries, the firm is able to achieve competitive advantage.Enhancing Capabilities- through international acquisitions and strategic alliances the firm may acquire new capabilities.Enhancing Learning- intromission into some markets, foreign inclusive, may enhance organizational learning.Some Economics-Lead motives (reducing costs) are as followsEconomies of Scale- the firm can derive economies by increasing the scale of its trading operations.Economies of Scope- by spreading costs over a larger output per unit costs may be reduced.RISKAssuming a firm is trying to enter the American market for the first time, it is start to face a lot of challenges and risk, especially since it is one of the worlds biggest and active markets.Risk refers to the likelihood and consequences of an undesir able occurrence(s). A firm entering a foreign market like the American market for the first time allow for face risk. There are many probable risks that are posed on a firm on the verge/with the motive of venturing into a foreign market for the first time.Types of RiskPOLITICAL RISK- there is potential threat to a companys operations in America due to the ineffectiveness and inefficiencies of the different political systems. For example, a change in governments from the republicans to the democrats would lead to a significant change in policies. other laws and regulations that can affect a business in a foreign market are as followsRevenue and tax laws as concerns remissions and what percentage of receipts is required to be ploughed back into the local economy of the foreign state.Laws on pollution limits.Tariffs, trade embargos and sanctions will overly affect whether a business operate in a foreign market or not.Labor laws as concerns wages and pension.Health and safety laws. Laws as regards use of local real in productionECONOMIC RISKThis is the potential threat to the firms operations in a country due to the economic policies and conditions in that country. In America, for example, delight rates may prove to be too high for a business that is coming from sub-Saharan Africa.Government economic policies such as financial and Fiscal Policies will affect a business and can either be beneficial or a threat to them.CURRENCY RISKThis is the potential threat to a firms operations in a country due to fluctuations in the local bullions exchange rates. The united States dollar is a strong currency and fluctuations in it concord, and may prove either disastrous or beneficial to businesses the world over.MANAGEMENT RISKThis is the potential threat to a companys operations in a country due to the problems that managers apply making decisions in the context of foreign markets. Different countries have different cultures. Hosted identified four national culture s that would have an impact on management styles in different countriesPower distance- defining the extent to which a culture accepts different distribution of power within society. For cultures/nations with high power distance like France, Spain and Brazil management style is autocratic with a lot of centralization, close supervision and top-down command chains.This must to be taken into account as venturing into such cultures without such knowledge would indeed prove risky or hazardous.Cultures like that of the United States and United Kingdom have less power distance and as such employees are more involved.Uncertainty avoidance- referring to the extent to which order, security and control are preferred to ambiguity, uncertainty and change.For nations with a high uncertainty avoidance culture, employees value task culture, written rules and regulations, and standardization. Deviance and/or ignorance of these values pose a threat to a firm missing to operate in that nation.On the other hand, nations with a low uncertainty avoidance culture like the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia, value flexibility and creativity and greater variability. Deviance and/or ignorance of these values would place a firm operating within such a nation at a risky position.Individualism/Collectivism- referring to the preference to hire and work in an individualistic way (focusing on the I identity as opposed to the We identity) as is the racing shell in the United States and the United Kingdom. Collectivism refers to countries that value organizational family, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and relationship over task Japan.Deviance and/or ignorance of such values poses risk for a firm operating in such a nation.Masculinity/Femininity-Masculinity refers to the extent to which a society values attributes such asAssertivenessStatusPersonal achievementThese are masculine traits prominent in countries like the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia.Femini ne traits are those that strain on sympathy and dish out quality of life as is the case in Scandinavia and the Netherlands.Such values and traits need to be considered when venturing into a foreign market to avoid putting a firm at unnecessary risk.MARKET RISK- potential threat that a company faces by it being a separate of a certain market. This risk can further be divided intoIndustry riskPositioning riskMisys risk description according to their one-year Report on principal risks and uncertainties (2010) under the heading Business environment and market risks is as followsAs an international company, we operate across the globe and demanding or unexpected economic conditions in the markets we serve may affect the financial position of our customers and their willingness to commit expenditure. Other developments in the markets we serve may overly impact the Group. The financial services sector is currently subject to regulatory review which could increase taxes on, or curtai l certain of the activities of our customers leading them to reduce expenditure. Our health care business is benefiting from the Healthcare Stimulus program in the United States, however, we must ensure that we comply with the requirements for meaningful use as defined by the United States Department of Health and Human Services across our healthcare product portfolio. In addition, we operate in highly competitive markets that are characterized by changing technology, industry standards and customer needs and by commercial pressures from customers.Four further classifications of risk as classified by Misy in their Annual Report (2010) areStrategic Risk- which further embodiesBusiness environment and market risksBusiness strategy risksOperational Risk- which further embodiesPeople risksProduct development risksContract implementation and service level risksBusiness continuity risksIT risksIntellectual property risksFinancial Risk- which embodiesForeign exchange and interest rate ris ksCompliance Risk- which embodiesLegal and regulatory risksStrategy and RiskThere are a number of strategies that can be employed in relation to risk, that is, the various types of risks. In response to positional risk this report considers the following strategiesThe Strategy ClockThe Strategy Clock (et al, p. 225) is a vital peter in determining the positioning of a firm. A firm entering a foreign market for the first time can assess which of the eight strategies/positions on the strategy clock to pursue, with full understanding of the risk that the various positions pose.Generic StrategyNeeds/RisksNo FrillsLikely to be segment specific.Low PriceRisk of expense war low margins need to be cost leader.HybridLow cost base reinvestment in low price differentiation.a) Differentiation without price premiumPerceived added value by user, concession market share benefits.b) Differentiation with price premiumPerceived added value sufficient to bear price premium.Focused Differentiatio nPerceived added value to a particular segment, warranting price premiumIncreased price/standard valuehigher(prenominal) margins if competitors do not follow risk of losing market share.Increased price/low valueOnly feasible in monopoly situation.Low value/standard priceLoss of market share.Porters Competitive ForcesPorters 5 forces (1980) is another tool for positioning in relation to risk. The ideal situation (especially for a firm entering a foreign market for the first time) is one of low risk whereBargaining power of buyers is lowBargaining power of suppliers is lowThreat from potential entrants is lowThreat from substitutes is lowCompetitive rivalry is low wherefore Companies Expand/Venture into Foreign MarketsTo spread business risk across a wider market base. It will not depend entirely depend on operations in domestic markets.To achieve/maintain core competences.To lower costs and enhance firms competitiveness.To gain access to new customers- expanding into foreign markets offers potential for change magnitude revenue, profit and long-term relationships and growth, and becomes an especially attractive option when a companys home market is matureRISK MANAGEMENTIt is important that risk is identified in advance, recorded and managed. A firm entering the United States market for the first time can do this using one of the following four strategiesAvoidance- where the factors that give rise to the risk are removed or the profit is undertaken.Reduction/Mitigation- these measures tend to reduce the likelihood and the consequence of the risk/risky event.Transference- where the risk is passed on to or stored in another party.Absorption- where potential risk is accepted in the hope that the consequences can be coped with if necessary.UNCERTAINTYUncertainty refers to indecision or doubt over options. Uncertainty is inherent in a companys strategy, because nobody can be sure about the future or the stability of an economy. There is because even more uncertaint y for firms in international business or those planning to enter foreign markets.Uncertainty Avoidance refers to the extent to which people can tolerate risk and uncertainty in their lives. People in societies with high uncertainty avoidance create institutions that minimize risk and ensure financial security. Companies emphasize stable careers and produce many rules to regulate actions and minimize ambiguity.Uncertainty Avoidance determines whether or not risk will be an issue for a company. Higher profits do come with greater risks and vice versa. Therefore for a firm entering the United States market for the first time will have to undertake risk management in order to identify risks and gauge whether or not they are able to tolerate whatever risks are discovered.FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI)Another option that companies wanting to enter a foreign market like that of the United States can consider is FDI. FDI is an internalization strategy in which the firm establishes a physic al presence abroad by acquiring productive assets such as capital, technology, labor, plant and equipment.FDI is the most advanced expensive, labyrinthian and riskiest entry strategy that a firm could use. It is undertaken by and targeted at firms from both advanced economies and emerging markets.Some considerations relevant to choice of foreign market entry strategy areDegree of control that the firm wants to maintain over decisions, operations, and strategic assets involved in a ventureDegree of risk that the firm is willing to tolerate, and the timeframe in which it expects returnsOrganizational and financial resources (for example, capital, managers, technology) that the firm will commit to the ventureAvailability and capabilities of partners in the marketValue-adding activities that the firm wants to perform itself in the market, and what activities it will leave to partnersLong-term strategic importance of the marketCONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONFrom the above analogy it can b e derived that the question at hand has been adequately addressed.This report has affirmed that a firm will face unknowns in the world of business, more so in foreign/international markets.This report has also affirmed that risk is indeed a factor of concern for firms seeking to venture into such markets. It has significantly defined risk and highlighted a considerable divagate of types of risk.This report went further in even suggesting risk-related strategies and outlining the risk management framework.Uncertainty has also been addressed.It has also addressed the issue of FDI, its associated risks and how it is an option for venturing into foreign markets.The concept of uncertainty does not seem to hold as much water as that of risk. It would seem uncertainty is a by-product of risk as doubt or indecision over a promising/profitable venture would be sparked by the risk that comes with it.In conclusion, Risk cannot be avoided in business whether it is local or international. Risk is always present and can either be high, medium or low, but never absent. What differs is how tolerable different firms are to risk and how they individually manage their risk.I would recommend that firms engage in wide-scope risk management as even the smallest of risks can prove to be huge blows to competitive advantage. The business environment is turbulent, more so now than in the past years. It would be unwise to invest in business and not be able to make any profit whatsoever due to falling prey to unforeseen risks and subsequent consequences.

The definition of stress and its history

The definition of form and its historyStress is defined as an organisms sodding(a) reaction to environmental demands or pressures. When adjudicate was initially studied in the middle of the twentieth century, the term was used to refer to both the reason and the undergo effects of these pressures. More recently, however, the term stressor has been used for the inspiration that aggravates a stress result. One continuing discrepancy between researchers concerns the definition of stress in humans. Is it chiefly an external response that can be measured by changes in glandular secretions, skin reactions, and other somatic functions, or is it an internal interpretation of, or reaction to, a stressor or is it both?The meaning of stress depends on the approaching that psychologists follow. Straightforwardly, stress just means effort, demand upon energy. Almost allthing can farm this stress position a loud noise, a deadline, revision, late transport, or even simply getting up in th e morning. However, there argon triplet ship canal of approaching a definition of stressStress can be classified in terms of all individuals reacting in the same biologic way, to the same stimulus. This is the stimulus based model, i.e. the stimulus causes the stress but our reaction is identical physiologically. Any awareness of a stress stimulus activates the hosts physiological response. This is superior general both across time (every time we encounter a stressor) and society.Stress can be defined as reliant upon the persons answer to the stressor. This is a much downbeat way of looking at stress. The individual is portrayed as suffering from stresses, feeling stressed. The individual is seen as having an immature coping mechanism. This internal response whitethorn also be down to diverse personality types or cultural influences, but the management of stress is seen as coming from internal change.The most received way of viewing and studying stress nowadays, is to use an in teractions approach. This means we may all be faced with the same external stressor (stimulus) but the stress response that we display will fall heavily on our individual differences, gender or culture. In simple terms, the phrase exam is the same stimulus, but somewhat characters will be feeling tense and worked regarding this near event, while other will appear more calm and less stress fluctuation. Psychologists try to incur out the factor affecting this interaction and stress management depends on the perceived interaction and response.The term stress is conceptualised in m both different ways by psychologists. Here are just a fewA state of psychological and physical tension produced, according to the transactional model, when there is a twin between the perceived demands of a situation (the stressors) and the individuals perceived ability to cope. The consequent state of tension can be adaptive (eustress) or maladaptive (distress).Brody, R and D Dwyer (2002) Revise Psycholo gy for AS Level, Hove, Psychology Press, p210In my perception, this explains that stress is regarded as any given situation and an individual own views on this, whether they perplex set the bar too high or if it is achiev commensurate. For example, the situation is running the London Marathon. One person may collapse been training for many months or even years for this annual run and they feel they can achieve their goal, but another person who has not been training at all may feel confident when signing up, but as the day becomes closer, they begin to realise that the task is almost in-achievable, therefore becoming stressed.The non-specific response of the body to any demandSeyle (1950), in Eysench, M and C Flanagan (2000) Psychology for AS Level, Hove, Psychology Press, p137.This view explains that stress to them means that the body reacts in many ways to every situation given to that individual, no set response is guaranteed for the notable challenge.A pattern of negative phys iological states and psychological responses occurring in situations where people perceive threats to their wellbeing which they may be unable to meetLazarus Folkman (1984) in Gross, R R McIlveen and H Coolican (2000) Psychology A New Introduction for AS Level, London, Hodder Stoughton, p60This explanation claims that stress is a response from the body which is triggered by a situation which the brain interprets and becomes threatened and overwhelmed. E.g. your rootage day at a new job. You arrive at your desk, given a long list of jobs needed completing, as its your first day, you dont know what to do so your brain reads this, resulting in the body reacting (shaking, sweating etc).The physical response of stress is all about the rapid mobilisation of energy. Hans Selye is credited with popularising the word stress as it is used today. Selye noticed that animals which were put in sustained stressful conditions all developed the same physical problems such as stomach ulcers, wei ght loss, abnormal changes in the size of glands (some shrunk, some enlarged), and impaired immune system functioning. Selye (1976) proposed that when exposed to sustained pressure there would be a standard response. He called this the General Adaptation Syndrome and divided it into three phasesPhase unitary Alarm Reaction. Immediate reactions of the organism to the stressful conditions, similar to Walter Canons (1939) theory of the fight or flight response.Phase two Resistance stage. The animal adapts to the demands of the stressor. However, this interpretation requires adaptation energy and this is gradually used up until the animal can no longer resist the stressor.Phase three Exhaustion. At this stage, the animals resistance to the stressor is so washy that diseases become apparent.Most of the long-term adverse changes that Selye observed were due to the effects of another horm ane involved in the stress response, cortisol. Cortisol has useful short effects including mob ilising energy stores and making us feel more alert. However, for various complex reasons, the long-term effects of cortisol are to down-regulate the immune system, disrupt the productive system, suppress the inflammatory response and even to damage areas of the brain which affect memory and mood.Joseph V. Brady (1958) trialled on monkeys the consequence of stress within different job roles and personalities. Brady positioned the monkeys in restraining chairs and conditioned each one to initiate a lever. Electric shocks were given every 20 seconds unless the level was actioned in the time span. This study came to an unexpected period of time when many of the monkeys passed away from perforated ulcers. To analysis this Brady used a control monkey. He positioned an Executive Monkey in the restraining chair, which could press the lever to put a stop to the electric shock. The other monkeys had no power over the lever, leaving only the Executive monkey with the psychological stress of pushing the required button.The inventory to the electric shocks was six hours on followed by six hours off and after twenty-three days of this, the executive monkey died. Brady then attempted a variety of schedules, but no monkeys died from this. He then returned to the original work schedule of six on, six off and tested the stomachs of the Executives and discovered that their stomach acidity was at its peak during the rest period.The maximum risk materialised when the sympathetic arousal closed and the stomach was filled with digestive endocrine glands. This was a parasympathetic rebound related with the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which began reading of ulcers in the Executive monkeys. Throughout all the variations of the experiment, not a single yoked control monkey ever developed an ulcer. This proposes that the ulcers were a symptom of the excessive stress encouraged by having the control over the other monkeys fate. Hans Selyes General Adaptation Syndrome propos es a similar effect in the Exhaustion phase.There were two Whitehall studies, the first investigates the social factors of wellness, mainly cardio respiratory disease longevity and mortality rates within United Kingdom civil servants aged between twenty-four and sixty-five. The early(a) study, Whitehall I Study, was carried out in 1967 and carried on for over ten years. A second chapter, the Whitehall II Study, inspected the health of 10,308 civil servants aged 35 and fifty-five. Only one third of these experimentees were women while the remaining two thirds were men.Whitehall II studied people within the working age. It looked into the links between work, stress and health. Whitehall II discovered presidential term at work, climatisation at work, social influences, early life experiences as well as health behaviours all play a factor in ascertain the health social gradient. As partakers in this investigation resumes by adulthood, the research is concentrating on health inequal ities and the aging nations ability to function adequately. With an ever increasing population of senior citizens in the United Kingdom, there is a vital need to establish what causes social inequalities and to study long-term repercussions on an individuals ability to function and have a healthy retirement. The social gradient in health is not so much a spectacle confined solely to the British Civil Service. each(prenominal) the way through the developed world wherever researchers have gained information to investigate, they have witnessed the social gradient in health. Health inequalities are a widely distributed matter affecting people across the social gradient in rich, middle income, and poor nations. To have the ability to address inequalities in health it is inwrought to understand how social organisation affects health also to find ways to develop the state and circumstances in which people work and live.The Whitehall II field of study in the lowest employments grades di d demonstrated a higher(prenominal) chance of having many of the established hazardous factors of coronary essence disease (CHD) an inclination to smoke, disgrace height-to-weight ratio (higher chance of obesity and diabetes), less leisure time, and higher blood pressure. However, even after amending these factors to a more normal level, the lower employment grades were unfortunately, serene at greater chance of a heart attack another factor was at work.Some have directed the reason of CHD to cortisol, a hormone created by the body as a response to stress. A consequence of cortisol release is a reduction in the immune systems efficacy through lymphocyte manipulation. One theory illuminating the connection between immune-efficiency and CHD is that infectious pathogens such as herpes or Chlamydia are partially to blame for coronary diseases, thus a body with a chronically suppressed immune system will be less able to avert CHD.A substituted alternative to the cortisol explanation is that self-esteem is a key contributing factor and that the relationship between a professional accolade and self-esteem gives an explanation for the health gradient. The study favouring this observation related low self-esteem in test subjects with a greater decline in heart rate variability and higher heart rates in general-both established CHD risk factors-while acting out stressful tasks.At this current time there is no universally-accepted mode of antecedent for the occurrence exposed by the Whitehall studies. Clearly stress is associated to a greater risk of CHD, but so are many other unconventional factors. In addition to this, stress seems to be too non-specific. There are various kinds of stress in ones day-to-day life and each kind could contribute in a different way.The theory of theatrical role A and slip B personality is a type of theory that describes a pattern of behaviours that were once regarded to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Since its commence ment in the 1950s, the theory has been widely disapproved of for its scientific shortcomings. It nonetheless continues in the form of pop psychological science within the general population. slip A individuals can be portrayed as impatient, controlling, concerned about their status, highly competitive, ambitious, aggressive, having difficulty relaxing and are occasionally detested by individuals with Type B personalities for the way that theyre constantly rushing. They are often impressively achieving workaholics who multitask, drive ones self with deadlines to meet, and are uneasy about delays. Because of these attributes, Type A individuals are often portrayed as stress junkies.Type B individuals, in comparison to type As, are described as patient, relaxed, and easy-going, essentially lacking any sense sense of urgency. This can also be illustrated as lazy and lacking ambition. Individuals who live with their parents well into their adulthood are an example. Because of these tra its, Type B individuals are often depicted by Type As as apathetic and disengaged. There is also a Type AB combine profile for people who are not easily categorised or not fit into A or B purely.Meyer Friedman portrayed a innuendo in his 1996 book, Type A Behaviour Its Diagnosis and Treatment, that Type A behaviour is expressed in three major indicators. One of these symptoms is thought to be concealed and therefore less observable, whereas the other two are more visibleSymptoms of Type A BehaviourTime urgency and impatience, resulting in fervour and exasperation.Free floating resentment, which can be started by even minor events.Ready for action, this made them familiar towards achievement which caused them to be stressed due to them wanting to be the greatest at whatever they may be doing i.e. sports or in work.Type A behaviour was first explained as a in all likelihood risk factor in coronary heart disease (CHD) in the 1950s by cardiologists Meyer Friedman and R. H. Rosenman . After a nine-year investigation of healthy men, aged thirty-five to fifty-nine, Friedman Rosenman approximated that the risk of coronary heart disease in Type A individuals is double than that of otherwise healthy individuals. This research had a huge effect in inspiring the development of the field of health psychology, in which psychologists view how a persons mental state affects his or her health in a physical state.Type A/B theory has been put under scrutiny on a number of grounds e.g. statisticians have disputed that the original study by Friedman and Rosenman had serious limitations, comprising of large and unequal sample sizes, and less than one percent of the variance in links explained by Type A personality.Psychometrically, the actions that define the syndrome are not highly associated, indicating that this is a collection of separate tendencies, not a logical pattern or type. Type theories universally have been slated as overly simplistic and incapable of assessing t he degrees of variety in human personality.Researchers also found that Type A behaviour is a poor predictor of coronary heart disease. Research by Redford Williams of Duke University, states the unfriendliness component of Type A personality is the pure and simple risk factor thus, it is a high level of conveyed anger and hostility, not the other components of Type A behaviour that constitute the problem.On the basis of these condemnations, Type A theory has been termed outdated by many researchers in modern-day health psychology and personality psychology.To conclude, all three of these theories demonstrate positive relations between situations, theories and stress, however, as stress is an un-defined phrase, not one nor is the other able to give us further insight into how to control the stress illness relationship. The comparison between all three however, is that a combination of cognitive approach along with behavioural approach creates a physiological reaction.

The Instrumentation And Measurement Engineering Essay

The Instrumentation And Measurement Engineering EssayA single strain gauge having a exemption of 500, gauge cistron of 2 and a temperature coefficient of 1 - 10-5 per C at room temperature is mounted on the beam and connected in the arm AB of the bridge shown in figure Q4 for measuring a strain in cantilaver beam. The other three arms BC, CD and DA of the bridge have electrical opposite of coulomb, 100 and 500 respectively. The detector connected crossways A and C of the bridge has a opponent (Rg) of 100 and sensitivity 5 mm per A. The potential put out to the bridge is 12 V.Deter seconde the detector deflection for a gauge strain of 0.002.Given-R1 = 500 R2 = 100 R3 = 500 R4 = 100 Resistance across A and C of the bridge, Rg = 100 = temperature coefficient of 1 x 10-5 CGauge strain, = 0.002Voltage supply = 12 VSensitivity 5 mm / AGauge factor of 2 dissolvent-When a strain is introduced, the strain sensitivity, which is also called the gage factor (GF), and also the strain i s set upd as the tally of deformation per unit length of an object when a load is applied. Strain is calculated by dividing the total deformation of the skipper length by the original length (L).Substitute all the value that given and find out change in resistance,After get the change in resistance, R1. Total resistance measured is equal to R1 and R3 in parallel and R2 and R4 in parallel. If strain gauge is changes even a little bit in value can sweat the bridge unbalanced and can define that R1 = R1 + R1.Wheatstone resistive bridge sensors can be analyzed using Thevenins Theorem, where the go is reduced to potency sources with series resistanceVoltage across the bridge, VAC varies change as strain gauge, R1So we can deter minute of arce the voltage across the bridge, VAC terminals by applying the Ohms Law.R is the resistance that across the A and C of the bridgeLastly, determine the detector deflection for a gauge strain and the deflection are known as below,Deflection = Sen sitivity x Current, Ig flow at VACDeflection = (5 mm / A) x 29.71 ADeflection = 148.55 mmDetermine the change in strain indicated for an increase of 20 C in room temperature.Substitute the value that to the equivalent change in strainQUESTION 2A telephone line result be lend oneselfd to carry measurement data as a frequency-modulated signal from 5kHz to 6kHz. The line is shared with unwanted voice data below 500Hz, and replacement disruption spends above 500kHz. Design a band-pass RC filter that reduces the unwanted voice by 80% and reduces the switching mental disturbance by 90%. Assume CH is 0.05F, and use a resistance ratio r of 0.02. What is the Vout/Vin on the passband frequency of 5.5kHz?Given-Frequency modulated signal from 5 kHz to 6 kHz unwished-for voice data below 500HzSwitching noise above 500 kHzReduced unwanted voice 80%Reduced switching noise 90%CH = 0.05 FResistance ratio, r = 0.02First need to find out the low pass filterPassive RC Low Pass perkAlso know tha t the capacitive reactance of a capacitor in an AC overlap is given as belowThe High Pass Filter is the guide opposite to the low pass filter. This filter has no proceeds voltage from DC (0Hz), up to a specified cut-off frequency (c) baksheesh. This lower cut-off frequency point is 70.7% or -3dB (dB = -20log Vout/Vin) of the voltage gain allowed to pass.Passive RC High Pass FilterAlso know that the capacitive reactance of a capacitor in an AC circuit is given as belowAfter getting value of then substituting to theSubstitute the R1 value to the law to get the R2 value as headUsing the FCL find out the C2Band Pass Filter CircuitPassive RC Band Pass FilterBand Pass Filters passes signals within a certain band or spread of frequencies without distorting the foreplay signal or introducing extra noise. This band of frequencies can be any width and is known as the filters BandwidthBand Pass Filter Bode PlotQUESTION 3Describe how the sensor control works in cycle with relay in fillin g and draining weewee from the tank. Find the value of amplifier gain, K, required to open the valve when the level chance oned 1.5 m.Description-Input flow Q1 and Q2 fill the tank without controlled. When the level of weewee in tank reaches the height h = 1.5m, the level sensor sends signals voltage, Vh to the amplifier to affix the voltage to relays voltage Vr = KVh with a gain of K, which the voltage of relay will be large enough to drive the relay closes.As the relays voltage reaches Vr = 6V, the relay is closed and activates the valve to open and water in the tank is started to drain out. After whatever time, the water level drops to 1.1m and the level sensor will read the signal. Again, the voltage Vh is amplified to Vr = 4.8V and latch the relay to open. The open relay is then instructed the valve to close.Even though the water stops draining out, the water tank is still filling with water. The water level will increase to h = 1.5m again. The same cycle is expected to oc cur continuously.Given-Level sensors voltage, Vh = 0.8h + 0.4VRelays voltage, Vr = KVhRelays voltage closes, Vr = 6Vh = 1.5mFind the amplifier gain, K antecedent-Level sensor linear static operating characteristics which is given, Vh = 0.8h + 0.4V. Apply this formula to the voltage relay to get the value of amplifier gain, K. Substitute all the info that given to the relays voltage, Vr = KVhAt what level does the valve close?Given-Relays voltage closes, Vr = 4.8VLevel sensors voltage, Vh = 0.8h + 0.4VAmplifier gain, K = 3.75Solution-When the valve close, the voltage of relay, Vr = 4.8V and given that K = 3.75 and rest to the formula relays voltage to get the level, h of valve close.1.28 = 0.8h + 0.40.8h = 0.88h = 1.1 mSuppose Q1 = 5 m3/min, Q2 = 2 m3/min, and Qout = 9 m3/min (when open). Determine the time for water level to rise from 1.1 to 1.5 meters and the time to drain out. Find the total time of cycle.Given-Input flow rate (velocity), Q1 = 5m3/min and Q2 = 2m3/min make flow r ate (velocity), Qout = 9m3/min (when valve open)Solution-Time for water level to rise from 1.1m to 1.5mVelocity shows how fast an object is moving to which direction. total velocity can be calculated by dividing displacement over time.Where the t1 is the time when water start rise at height 1.1m. Assume the t1 = 0 (Initial time)Time for water level to drain out from 1.5m to 1.1mOutput flow rate (velocity), Qout = 9m3/min (when valve open)t2 is the time when water reaches 1.1m, water drains out is stopped. Assume t2 = 0QUESTION 4A measurement of temperature using a sensor that creates 6.5 mV/C must measure to 100C. A 6-bit ADC with a 10V extension service is used. Develop a circuit to interface the sensor and the ADC. Find the temperature resolution.Given-Output of the sensor = 6.5 mV/ C measure to 100C6-bit ADC = 10VrefSolution-Find the output sensor during 100C where the output sensor 6.5 mV/ C measure 1C is given.Resolution can define electrically, and expressed in volts. The minimum change in voltage required to guarantee a change in the output code level is called the LSB (least authoritative bit, since this is the voltage represented by a change in the LSB).The resolution Q of the ADC is equal to the LSB voltage. The voltage resolution of an ADC is equal to its overall voltage measurement identify divided by the number of discrete voltage intervalsN is the number of voltage intervals,EFSR is the full scale voltage range, 10 VNormally, the number of voltage intervals is given by,Where the M is the ADCs resolution in bits.Solution-Develop a circuit to interface the sensorBlock DiagramFigure 4.1 Interfacing an Analog Output Temperature Sensor to an ADCAt first sensor consists of a band gap reference circuit that produces a voltage.A switched capacitor op amp amplifier is used to amplify the temperature coefficient to a voltage mV/C because of the ease of building capacitors that are a ratio of each other.Lowpass filter is used to remove the switching n oise of the amplified signal. The output signal is then driven by a buffer amplifier.The temperature sensors output pin is driven by an op amp that has output opposition (ROUT). The input of the ADC consists of a simple sample and hold circuit.A switch is used to connect the signal source with a sampling capacitor, while the ADC measures the CSAMPLE capacitors voltage in order to determine the temperature. The ROUT and RSWITCH resistances and the CSAMPLE capacitor form a time constant that must be less than the sampling rate (TSAMPLE) of the ADC as shown.An foreign capacitor can be added to the output pin to provide additional filtering and to form an anti-aliasing filter for the ADC. This capacitor may impact the time response of the sensor and the designer must allow time for the capacitor to charge sufficiently between ADC conversions.Also, the sensor amplifier may oscillate if the filter capacitor is too large. A small resistor of approximately 10 to 100 can be added between t he output pin of the sensor and CFILTER to isolate the sensors amplifier from the capacitive load.The output impedance of the sensor (ROUT) varies as a function of frequency. Thus, a series resistor should be added to the effective ROUT resistance if CFILTER is intended to serve as the ADCs anti-aliasing filter. The output impedance of the TC1047A is less than 1 because operational amplifier A2 functions as a voltage buffer.The output impedance of the sensor is low due to the negative feedback of the buffer circuit topology. The negative feedback results in an output impedance that is equal to the impedance of the amplifier divided by the open-loop gain of the amplifier. The open-loop gain of the op amp is relatively large which, in turn, forces the output impedance to be small.QUESTION 5A pressure sensor has a resistance that changes with pressure according to R = (0.15 k/psi)p + 2.5 k. This resistance is then converted to a voltage with the transfer function,The sensor time consta nt is 350 ms. At t = 0, the pressure changes suddenly from 40 psi to cl psi.What is the voltage output at 0.5 s? What is the indicated pressure at this time?Given- drag sensor has resistance changes with pressure, R = (0.15 k/psi)P + 2.5 k take function of voltage,Sensor time constant, = 350 msAt t = 0, Pressure, P change suddenly from 40 psi 150 psiSolution-Pressure changes suddenly from 40 psi to 150 psi and we can assume that the initial pressure, Po = 150 psiVoltage output after t = 0.5 sec, find pressure after 0.5 sec firstBasic formula a quantity pressure depends exponentially on time t if.During the resistance 0.5 sec, P = 35.95 psi. Substitute the indicated pressure at 0.5s, P in resistance changes with pressure according to to find out the resistance during 0.5 secVoltage output at 0.5 s,2. At what time does the output reach 5.0 V?Find out the resistance by substitute the output voltage at the formula that givingIndicated pressure at output 5.0 V50 psiA quantity pressure depends exponentially on time t if, substitute the value of initial pressure, indicated pressure output at 5.0 V and time constant is giving 350 ms. Finally we can get the time does the output reach 5.0 V.,

The Influence of Role Models on Young People Essay -- A Role Models I

Role models have an astounding effect on the lives of young people in our society. A region model has the ability to shape the views, ideals, and actions of a young person. Role models help youth to discover how they wish to become in the future. The put to work that role models have over young people is tremendous. It is important for role models to be positive and responsible in instilling good morals and value because future generations are directly dependent on the role models of today. By examining the influence of role models, role models in the community, and role models in the media, we will be able to determine the true effect that role models have on the lives of youth. Community role models are people that youngsters interact with on a quotidian basis. They are our parents, coaches, or mentors. These are people that young people encounter frequently, who are, in part, responsible for the young persons perceptions of the world. It is important for community role models t o set good examples for youth. The judgments that young people make are often helped to be formed by the e...

Shylock as Helpless Victim in The Merchant of Venice :: Merchant of Venice Essays

Shylock as Helpless Victim in The Merchant of Venice In 1594 the Earl of Essex, an English Nobleman who lived during the Elizabethan breaker point in England, was actively involved in the persecution and trials of Roderigo Lopez. Lopez was a Jew of Portuguese descent, who was wrongly accused of attempting to poison the Queen of England. Lopez, being the Queens royal physician, was in no scene to defend himself once he was accused. Essex, who provided the evidence also presided over the trial of Lopez, leaving Lopez little chance of survival. The innocent Jew was hanged, drawn, and quartered in Tyburn, England for all to witness. The story of Roderigo Lopez is like to the story of Shylock, although, Palmer tells us It is not suggested that Shakespeare in portraying Shylock, had any political or social intentions ( 112-13). Both Jews were placed in time where anti-Semitism was in fashion (Palmer 113), and both thrown into court where they would be tried unjustly. The story of Roderigo Lopez sets the tone for The Merchant of Venice. Lopez incident occurred in 1594, The Merchant of Venice was written only two years later. Anti-Semitism was prevalent during Shakespeares time, and therefore we must understand that it was as easy for him to make a Jewish man the villain as it would be for us to make a Nazi the villain. According to Sylvan Barnet The Merchant of Venice shows the broad outline of a comedy (not merely a play with jests, only when a play that ends happily). . . the villain in the comedy must be entirely villainous, or, rather, comically villainous he cannot for a moment gain the audiences sympathy (1). Shylock has often been portrayed as the villain in The Merchant of Venice. From being more concerned with his ducats rather than his daughter, to demanding his pound of flesh, Shylock fits perfectly into the stray of the villain. However, with reference to Barnets comment he cannot for a moment gain the audiences sympathy (1), Shylock oversteps the boundaries of his villainous character. The audience cannot and would not have rooted for Shylock during Shakespeares lifetime, yet, at a time we do. Shylock is merely a victim of anti-Semitism.

Heritage and Identity in Pat Barkers Regeneration Essay -- Pat Barker

The presence of Jews in England has been a source of controversy for many reasons. On page 35 of Pat barkers historical novel Regeneration, Siegfried Sassoon reveals the nature of his relationship with his father, who left home when he was five, and gives an account of his Jewish history. Though he hadnt been brocaded Jewish and apparently had no association with his Jewish relatives, Sassoon was subjected to the discrimination that was often seen in England before and during WWI. Through Sassoons Jewish heritage and the other characters relation to the past, Barker exposes the need of mankind to identify with the past in order to come to terms with the present.There is much history concerning the Jewish people and their presence in England as an organized community, beginning in 1066 when Jewish merchants were encouraged to move to England. Professor Daniel J. Elazer, in summarizing an article by Aubrey Newman, states that from 1066 to 1290 the Jews suffered persecution in the form of blood libels, throng riots, and discriminatory legislation (4), followed by expulsion from England until 1655 when a Sephardi Rabbi was able to convince Oliver Cromwell to allow the Jews readmission. Most of the Jews coming into England were Sephardi Jews, well educated and successful businessmen from Spain and Amsterdam, until afterward in the seventeenth century when Jewish immigrants from Northern Europe began to arrive. These Jews were known as Ashkenazi Jews and were of a lower social class than the Sephardi (5).Anti-Jewish sentiment in England fuel be attributed to more than religious persecution. It includes religious, race, and social issues and is researched in depth in Anti-Semitism in British Society, 1876-1939, by Professor Colin Hol... ...ows both Rivers and Prior to incubate the present. By denying the past, many of the characters in Barkers novel struggle with the present. Many are unable to deal with the horrors of war witnessed and experienced in their rece nt past. Others, such as Rivers and Prior, struggle with issues from their childhood as well. Regeneration shows that by making a connection with the past and accepting it for what it is, the characters are able to continue their lives with some palpate of order and purpose.Works CitedBarker, Pat. Regeneration. New York Plume, 1993.Elazer, Daniel. British Jewry. Jerusalem Center For Public Affairs. 14 April 2004. <http//www.jcpa.org/dje/articles3/british.htmHolmes, Colin. Anti-Semitism in British Society, 1879-1939. London Edward Arnold Ltd., 1979.Westman, Karin E. Pat Barkers Regeneration. New York Continuum, 2001.

Shirley Chisholm :: essays research papers

Shirley st. hill chisholm(1924-2005)A Brief Biography of Shirley Chisholm(1924-2005)Shirley St. cumulation was born in New York City on November 30, 1924 she was the oldest of four daughters. Her parents were Charles and Ruby St.Hill. In 1927 at geezerhood 3 Shirley was sent to live on her grandmas farm in Barbados. She attended British grammar school and picked up the Caribbean accent that marked her speech. Shirley moved back to New York in 1934 at the age of 11 and went on to graduate in 1946 from Brooklyn College with honors by and by earning a masters degree from Columbia University. During this time it was difficult for black college graduates to find jobs. After world rejected by many companies, she obtained a job at the Mt.Calvary childcare center in Harlem.In 1949 she married Conrad Chisholm, Shirley and her husband participated in local anaesthetic politics. In 1946 she ran for an assembly seat. She won and served in the New York general assembly from 1964 to1968. In 1968 after finishing her destination in the legislature, Shirley Chisholm campaigned to represent New Yorks Twelfth Congressional District. Her campaign slogan was Fighting Shirley ChisholmUn bought and Un bossed. She won then election and became the first African American woman elected to congress. During her first term in congress, Chisholm hired an all-female staff and spoke out for civil rights, womens rights, the poor and against the Vietnam War. In 1970 she was elected to a second term.On January 25, 1972, Chisholm announced her candidature for president. She stood before the cameras and in the beginning off her speech she said, I stand before you today as a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the disposal of the United States. I am not the candidate of black America, although I am black and proud. I am not the candidate of the womens of this country, although I am a woman, and I am equally proud of that. I am not the candidate of any political bosses or special int erest. I am the candidate of the people. Though Shirley did not win a single primary during the 1972 presidential election, she captured over 150 votes on the first ballot and later said her campaign had been a necessary catalyst for change. Shirley went on to serve for ten more years in the House and retired in 1982 after septenary terms in congress.Shirley kept active in politics following her retirement by co-founding the National Political Congress of Black Women and parcel as its founding in 1984 until1992.